Energy, heat, work, internal energy, the laws of thermodynamics, and the kinetic theory of gases — from the microscopic motion of molecules to macroscopic engine efficiency.
8 articles
14 min readEvery breath you take, every balloon you inflate, every weather system on Earth obeys one elegant equation: PV = nRT. The ideal gas law connects the pressure, volume, temperature, and quantity...
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13 min readPut an equal mass of water and sand in the sun. The sand gets scorching hot in minutes; the water barely warms. Same energy input, same mass — completely different temperature rise. The propert...
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14 min readDrop a drop of ink into a glass of water. It spreads — slowly, irreversibly — until uniformly distributed. You will never see the ink spontaneously re-concentrate. Crack an egg: you cannot uncr...
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16 min readThe second law of thermodynamics is arguably the most profound statement in all of science. It explains why time appears to have a direction (why we remember the past and not the future), why n...
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14 min readHeat spontaneously flows from hot objects to cold ones — the direction dictated by the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of entropy. But how does it actually transfer? There are exac...
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13 min readWhat Is the Kinetic Theory of Gases? The kinetic theory of gases is a scientific model that explains the macroscopic properties of gases — pressure, temperature, and volume — in terms of...
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11 min readEvery engine ever built, every metabolic reaction in your body, every star burning in the sky — all operate under one inviolable constraint: the first law of thermodynamics. It is, at its core,...
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12 min readWhat Is Energy? The Definition in Physics The definition of energy in physics: energy is a scalar quantity that measures the capacity of a system to do work or produce heat. It is not a...
Read article →Newton's laws, kinematics, projectile motion, momentum, gravitation, and the mat…
Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, frequency, wavelength, interferen…
Electric fields, magnetic fields, circuits, Maxwell's equations, and the unified…
Special relativity, quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality, the uncertainty pr…
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, equations of motion, and the mathematical …
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