Newton's laws, kinematics, projectile motion, momentum, gravitation, and the mathematical framework that governs everyday motion — explained from first principles.
23 articles
14 min readA ball whirled on a string, a car rounding a bend, the Moon orbiting Earth, an electron in a magnetic field — all are in circular motion. Despite moving at constant speed, every object in unifo...
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15 min readSimple harmonic motion (SHM) is the most important type of oscillation in physics. A pendulum swinging, a mass bouncing on a spring, a vibrating guitar string, an alternating electric current —...
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12 min readAcceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Because velocity is a vector, any change in either the speed or the direction of motion constitutes acceleration. Every time you brake in a c...
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12 min readSprings are among the most studied objects in physics — not because springs themselves are special, but because the spring restoring force is the simplest and most important type of restoring f...
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13 min readPush a box across a floor. Lift a weight from the ground. Compress a spring. In each case, a force acts through a distance — and that's the physical definition of work done. Work done in physic...
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13 min readDrop a feather and a hammer on the Moon — they hit the ground at exactly the same time. This famous demonstration (carried out by Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott in 1971) reveals something prof...
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11 min readIn everyday conversation, "speed" and "velocity" are used interchangeably. In physics, they are fundamentally different quantities — and mixing them up leads to wrong answers. Speed is a scalar...
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14 min readFriction is the contact force that opposes relative motion between surfaces. It is why you can walk without slipping, why cars can brake, and why you need to keep pushing a box to keep it movin...
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14 min readA spinning ice skater pulls her arms inward — and immediately spins faster. A planet orbits faster when closer to the Sun. A gyroscope resists being tilted. A spinning top maintains its orienta...
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13 min readWhen you push a door open, you push near the edge — not near the hinge. Instinctively you know that the same force applied further from the pivot produces a greater turning effect. That turning...
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16 min readKinetic energy is one of the two fundamental forms of mechanical energy — the other being potential energy. Where potential energy is stored energy waiting to be released, kinetic energy is ene...
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12 min readLift a 10 kg box one metre in one second versus one minute — the work done is the same, but the second case feels much easier. What's different is the rate at which you do that work. That rate...
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14 min readA cricket ball and a lorry travelling at the same speed are very different things to stop. The lorry is far harder to halt — not just because it is heavier, but because it has far more momentum...
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15 min readIn 1687, Isaac Newton published his Principia Mathematica — arguably the most important scientific work ever written. Among its results was a single equation that unified the fall of an apple w...
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13 min readA hammer can be balanced on a fingertip — but only if you position your finger at exactly the right point. A high-jumper arches their back over the bar so that their centre of mass passes under...
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12 min readA cable holds a suspension bridge in place. A rope supports a rock climber. A string connects two masses in an Atwood machine. In each case, the force transmitted through the material is tensio...
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13 min readEvery object launched into the air — a basketball, a cannonball, a water droplet from a fountain — traces the same distinctive curved path under gravity alone. That curve is a parabola, one of...
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12 min readEvery time you sit in a chair, stand on a floor, or press a book against a table, a force pushes back on you — perpendicular to the surface. This is the normal force. It is the contact force th...
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11 min readEvery object in the universe with mass attracts every other object with mass. This isn't a metaphor — it's a precise, quantitative law. Newton's law of universal gravitation, published in 1687...
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16 min readWhen two billiard balls collide, when a rocket expels exhaust, when a gun recoils after firing, when subatomic particles scatter in a collider — the same deep principle governs every one of the...
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15 min readA basketball arcs toward the hoop. A cannonball launches from a cliff. A long-jumper leaves the ground at an angle. All are examples of projectile motion — motion under gravity alone, with no o...
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14 min readNewton's Second Law of Motion states that the net force acting on an object equals the object's mass multiplied by its acceleration: F = ma. The acceleration produced is directly proportional t...
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16 min readEvery object you have ever seen — every car on the highway, every satellite in orbit, every atom vibrating in your coffee cup — follows the same three rules. These are Newton's laws of motion,...
Read article →Energy, heat, work, internal energy, the laws of thermodynamics, and the kinetic…
Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed, frequency, wavelength, interferen…
Electric fields, magnetic fields, circuits, Maxwell's equations, and the unified…
Special relativity, quantum mechanics, wave-particle duality, the uncertainty pr…
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, equations of motion, and the mathematical …
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